A membrane module is a device that assembles a certain area of membrane in a specific form. When the membrane material and structure are the same, different module designs result in varying membrane operational efficiency and fouling resistance. For all membrane modules, the primary objective is to prevent the formation of a fouling layer on the membrane surface as much as possible, leading to the development of many different module manufacturing technologies.

(1) High Cross-flow Velocity: When the fouling layer formation process is reversible, increasing the cross-flow velocity between membranes can enhance the shear stress on the membrane surface to maintain high membrane flux.

(2) Permeate Backwashing: Intermittent backwashing of the membrane with permeate can prevent or remove the fouling layer on the membrane.

(3) Rotary System: Using a membrane module with a rotating device is another relatively effective method to reduce fouling layer formation by increasing shear stress.